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The Third Man factor or Third Man syndrome refers to the reported situations where an unseen presence such as a "spirit" provides comfort or support during traumatic experiences. Sir Ernest Shackleton in his book ''South'', described his belief that an incorporeal being joined him and two others during the final leg of their journey. Shackleton wrote, "during that long and racking march of thirty-six hours over the unnamed mountains and glaciers of South Georgia, it seemed to me often that we were four, not three." His admission resulted in other survivors of extreme hardship coming forward and sharing similar experiences. In recent years well-known adventurers like climber Reinhold Messner and polar explorers Peter Hillary and Ann Bancroft have reported the experience. One study of cases involving adventurers reported that the largest group involved climbers, with solo sailors and shipwreck survivors being the second most common group, followed by polar explorers.〔Suedfeld, Peter and Geiger, John, (2008) “The sensed presence as a coping resource in extreme environments” In: Ellens, J. Harold (ed.), Miracles God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal (Vol.3) Praeger. ISBN 0-275-99722-7〕 Some journalists have related this to the concept of a guardian angel or imaginary friend. Scientific explanations consider this a coping mechanism or an example of bicameralism. The concept was popularized by a book by John G. Geiger ''The Third Man Factor'', that documents scores of examples. Modern psychologists have used the "third man factor' to treat victims of trauma. The 'cultivated inner character' lends imagined support and comfort.〔(An adventurer's angel ), Australian Geographic, 15 September 2012〕 ==Literary references== Lines 359 through 365 of T. S. Eliot's modernist poem ''The Waste Land'' (1922) were inspired by Shackleton's experience, as stated by the author in the notes included with the work. In Geraldine McCaughrean's young adult fiction novel, ''The White Darkness'' (2005), the teenage heroine, Sym, joins a doomed Antarctic expedition. Abandoned and lost, she is guided to safety by a "third man", her imaginary friend, Captain Lawrence Oates. In Larry McMurtry's Western novel ''Lonesome Dove'' (1985), Pea Eye, after surviving an Indian attack with Gus, makes a trek back to Call and has an experience of a "ghost" or "spirit" that guides him during his walk. Thomas Pynchon's novel ''Against the Day'' (2006) makes reference to the experience. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Third Man factor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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